{"id":32308,"date":"2022-03-28T13:50:11","date_gmt":"2022-03-28T06:50:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.edrugstore.com\/blog\/?p=32308"},"modified":"2022-03-26T14:18:28","modified_gmt":"2022-03-26T07:18:28","slug":"colon-cancer-stages-and-what-they-mean","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.edrugstore.com\/blog\/current-health-news\/colon-cancer-stages-and-what-they-mean\/","title":{"rendered":"Colon Cancer Stages and What They Mean"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><b>Highlights<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Colon cancer stages range from stage 0 to stage IV.<\/b><\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>The stage is determined using the TNM system: the size or extent of the tumor (T), cancer spread to the lymph nodes (M), and whether the cancer has reached distant sites (N).<\/b><\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Treatment depends heavily on the stage of cancer.<\/b><\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Early detection increases the odds of colorectal cancer survival. Because early stages of colorectal cancer don\u2019t have symptoms, regular screening is important.<\/b><\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>At-home screening tests are a safe and convenient alternative to colonoscopy for most people.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Colon cancer stages can be confusing to understand, especially if you\u2019re presented with the information for the first time. Here\u2019s what you should know about the stages of colon cancer and their treatment.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3>How Are Colon Cancer Stages Determined?<\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There are two methods of determining colon cancer stages:<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Surgical staging<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, also called pathological staging<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Surgical staging is done in a lab. Tissue is removed from the body and examined for cells, usually after a tumor is removed. Some lymph nodes may also be removed during surgery for testing.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Clinical staging.<\/b> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Clinical staging uses medical scans, physical exams, and biopsies to determine how far the cancer has spread.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Clinical staging is less invasive, but surgical staging is more accurate.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h3>The TNM System<\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The most commonly used cancer staging system is called TNM. Colon cancer stages <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cancer.org\/cancer\/colon-rectal-cancer\/detection-diagnosis-staging\/staged.html\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">are determined by three factors<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> that are combined to form a staging score, such as T1a N1 M0.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Tumor extent or size (T)<\/span><\/i><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This factor looks at how far the tumor has gotten into the wall of your gastrointestinal tract. The further in, the higher the stage. The tract has four layers:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>The inner lining (mucosa)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, which has a thin muscle layer where the vast majority of tumors begin.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>The submucosa<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, fibrous tissue that\u2019s right underneath the mucosa.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>The muscularis propria<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, a thicker muscle layer responsible for gut motility and moving food.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">And <\/span><b>the subserosa and serosa<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, a thin outer layer of connective tissue. The rectum does not have this layer.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">T is measured on a scale of Tis to T4b:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>\u201cis\u201d:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Tis is the earliest stage of colon cancer and is only present in the mucosa. It\u2019s often referred to as carcinoma <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">in situ.<\/span><\/i><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>1:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Cancer is present in the mucosa and the submucosa.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>2:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Cancer has grown into the muscularis propria.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>3:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The cancer is present in all layers of the colon or rectum but hasn\u2019t grown through them.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>4a:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The tumor has grown through all layers or reached the abdomen but hasn\u2019t spread to other organs.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>4b:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The cancer is present in nearby organs or tissues.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.edrugstore.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/doctor-and-patient-smiling.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-32312\" title=\"Doctor and patient smiling\" src=\"https:\/\/www.edrugstore.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/doctor-and-patient-smiling.jpg\" alt=\"Doctor and patient smiling\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.edrugstore.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/doctor-and-patient-smiling.jpg 600w, https:\/\/www.edrugstore.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/doctor-and-patient-smiling-300x200.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<h4><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Spread to Lymph Nodes (N)<\/span><\/i><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">N refers to the spread of cancer cells to your lymph nodes, which is usually diagnosed by biopsy. N is measured on a scale of 0 to 2b.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>0:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> There is no cancer present in the lymph nodes.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>1:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Cancer is found in one to three nearby lymph nodes.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>1c:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Cancer cells are found in the fat around nearby lymph nodes but not in the nodes.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>2a:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Cancer is found in four to six nearby lymph nodes.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>2b:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> There is cancer in seven or more lymph nodes.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Metastasis (M)<\/span><\/i><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Metastasis measures the cancer spread into other organs or to other lymph nodes. Higher stages mean that the cancer has spread to more remote locations. The scale goes from 0 to 1c and includes the following:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>0:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> No metastasis.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>1a:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Cancer has spread to one distant organ or to distant lymph nodes.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>1b:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The tumor has spread to more than one distant organ or distant lymph nodes.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>1c:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Cancer is found in distant areas of the abdomen (peritoneum) and may have spread to other distant sites.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In addition, the quality of the cancer cells may play a role in the staging of a tumor. High grade cancer cells look abnormal under a microscope and have a higher chance of spreading quickly than standard cancer cells, resulting in different treatment options.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3>What Are the Stages of Colon Cancer and Their Treatment?<\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.edrugstore.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/doctors-looking-at-screen.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-32311\" title=\"Doctors looking at computer screen\" src=\"https:\/\/www.edrugstore.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/doctors-looking-at-screen.jpg\" alt=\"Doctors looking at computer screen\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.edrugstore.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/doctors-looking-at-screen.jpg 600w, https:\/\/www.edrugstore.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/doctors-looking-at-screen-300x200.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cancer.gov\/types\/colorectal\/patient\/colon-treatment-pdq\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The treatment of colorectal cancer<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> depends on the stage of the tumor.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Stage 0: Tis, N0, M0<\/span><\/i><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This is the earliest stage and is only found in the mucosa. Stage 0 colon cancer is usually treated with colonoscopic surgery, followed by <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.edrugstore.com\/blog\/current-health-news\/at-home-colon-cancer-test-vs-colonoscopy\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">at-home colon cancer screenings<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> or regular colonoscopies.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Stage I: T1 or T2, N0, M0<\/span><\/i><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The cancer has reached into the submucosa or the muscularis propria but not to nearby lymph nodes or other organs.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Surgical colonoscopy is the first step for a malignant polyp. Once the polyp is removed, it is carefully examined to see if there are cancer cells on the edges. If not, only regular screenings are needed as a next step.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If signs of cancer cells are found on the edge of the polyp, the surgeon wasn\u2019t able to remove the polyp in one piece, or more-advanced cancer cells are found, the next step would be partial colectomy (removing a small piece of the colon).<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Stage IIA: T3, N0, M0<\/span><\/i><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The cancer is found in the outermost layers but hasn\u2019t grown through or otherwise spread in the body.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Stage IIA is typically treated with partial colectomy and removal of some lymph nodes for testing to ensure an accurate diagnosis. At this stage, chemotherapy may be under consideration if you have any of these factors:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The cells found in the tumor are high grade and thus more likely to spread.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cancer is found in nearby blood vessels or lymph nodes.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fewer than twelve lymph nodes were removed during the surgery.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Surgeons believe some cancer cells may have been left behind.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Your colon was obstructed by cancer.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The cancer caused a perforation, or hole, in your colon.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.edrugstore.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/holding-stomach.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-32310\" title=\"Man holding his stomach\" src=\"https:\/\/www.edrugstore.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/holding-stomach.jpg\" alt=\"Man holding his stomach\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.edrugstore.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/holding-stomach.jpg 600w, https:\/\/www.edrugstore.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/holding-stomach-300x200.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<h4><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Stage IIB: T4a, N0, M0<\/span><\/i><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The cancer has grown through the colon but hasn\u2019t spread. Treatment is similar to stage IIA, although chemotherapy is more likely to be used post surgery due to elevated risk of spread.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Stage IIC: T4b, N0, M0<\/span><\/i><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The cancer has grown through and into nearby organs or other tissues but hasn\u2019t spread beyond that. Treatment is similar to stage II tumors with postsurgical chemotherapy to ensure the cancer doesn\u2019t come back. It\u2019s a good idea to consult your doctor about chemotherapy at this stage.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Stage IIIA: T1 or T2, N1\/N1c, M0 Or T1, N2a, M0<\/span><\/i><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The designation can mean one of two things: The cancer has spread to four to six nodes but hasn\u2019t been found in distant organs or lymph nodes, or the cancer is found in the submucosa or muscularis propria and has spread to one to three lymph nodes or the fat around them.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Partial colectomy and postsurgical chemotherapy is the standard treatment for stage III. If the tumor is of an unusual size, it may be reduced with radiation to ensure all of the cancer is removed.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Stage IIIB: T3 or T4a, N1\/N1c, M0 or T2\/T3, N2a, M0 or T1\/T2, N2b, M0<\/span><\/i><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Stage IIIB represents three possibilities:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The cancer has spread through the entire colon or rectum or to the visceral peritoneum, but it hasn\u2019t gone beyond that and has only spread to a couple of lymph nodes.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cancer cells have reached the outermost layers and are found in four to six close lymph nodes.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The cancer has reached the muscularis propria and is found in seven or more lymph nodes.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Surgery is the main approach when treating IIIB. Radiation might be recommended first to shrink the tumor. That may be followed by chemoradiation, a pairing of chemotherapy and radiation therapy, to remove cancer from lymph nodes.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Stage IIIC: T4a, N2a, M0 or T3\/T4a, N2b, M0 or T4b, N1\/N2, M0<\/span><\/i><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Stage IIIC indicates one of three diagnoses:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The cancer has gone through the entire colon but hasn\u2019t reached close organs and tissue. It has also been found in four to six lymph nodes but not in distant sites.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cancer cells have grown through the colon or through the visceral peritoneum, have spread to seven or more lymph nodes, but haven\u2019t spread beyond that.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cancer has reached nearby tissues and organs, has been found in at least one lymph node or fat around the lymph nodes, and hasn\u2019t reached distant sites.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Stage IIIC is treated by partial colectomy, radiation, and chemotherapy. The exact sequence and approach depend on the spread of cells, size of the tumor, and concern over the grade of the cells.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.edrugstore.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/man-with-cancer-awareness-ribbon.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-32309\" title=\"Young man with cancer awareness ribbon\" src=\"https:\/\/www.edrugstore.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/man-with-cancer-awareness-ribbon.jpg\" alt=\"Young man with cancer awareness ribbon\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.edrugstore.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/man-with-cancer-awareness-ribbon.jpg 600w, https:\/\/www.edrugstore.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/man-with-cancer-awareness-ribbon-300x200.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<h4><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Stage IVA: Any T, Any N, M1a<\/span><\/i><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The cancer has metastasized, meaning it has reached a distant organ, such as the lungs.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Treatment depends on the degree of spread and size of the tumors. It also depends on whether the goal is to extend one\u2019s life or to attempt a cure. In many cases, surgery isn\u2019t a primary treatment as it won\u2019t cure all tumors, although every patient\u2019s situation is different. Generally, some mixture of radiation and chemotherapy is used to attack the multiple tumors, and surgery may be used once the tumors are reduced.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Stage IVB: Any T, Any N, M1b<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The cancer has reached more than one distant organ or a distant set of lymph nodes. Treatment is similar to stage IVA cancer.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Stage IVC: Any T, Any N, M1c<\/span><\/i><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The cancer cells have reached distant parts of the lining of the abdominal cavity and might have reached distant organs or lymph nodes. Treatment at this point is decided by long-term outlook and consultation with your oncologist.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3>Early Detection Is Key<\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Finding colorectal cancer early is critical to a favorable survival rate, but early stages of colorectal cancer often have no symptoms. Home screening is an affordable and convenient alternative to colonoscopy to detect the first signs of cancer. Learn more about <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.edrugstore.com\/blog\/current-health-news\/at-home-colon-cancer-test-vs-colonoscopy\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">at-home colon cancer test kits<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and follow the eDrugstore blog for more information about colorectal cancer.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Highlights Colon cancer stages range from stage 0 to stage IV. The stage is determined using the TNM system: the size or extent of the tumor (T), cancer spread to the lymph nodes (M), and whether the cancer has reached distant sites (N). Treatment depends heavily on the stage of cancer. Early detection increases the [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":15,"featured_media":32313,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_autoblog_aioseo_focus_keyphrase":"","_autoblog_aioseo_title":"","_autoblog_aioseo_description":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[18],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-32308","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-current-health-news"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO Pro 4.9.10 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Colon cancer stages are dictated by several variables that can be confusing to understand. 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