{"id":32150,"date":"2022-03-11T13:23:41","date_gmt":"2022-03-11T06:23:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.edrugstore.com\/blog\/?p=32150"},"modified":"2022-03-07T13:47:30","modified_gmt":"2022-03-07T06:47:30","slug":"colorectal-cancer-treatment-immune-checkpoint-therapy","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.edrugstore.com\/blog\/current-health-news\/colorectal-cancer-treatment-immune-checkpoint-therapy\/","title":{"rendered":"Colorectal Cancer Treatment: Immune Checkpoint Therapy"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><b>Highlights<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Colorectal cancer treatment<\/b><b>s are advancing quickly beyond traditional chemotherapy and surgery.<\/b><\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Immunotherapy, including immune checkpoint therapy, and personalized immunotherapy are showing promise for giving patients longer and better quality of life and for putting cancer in remission.<\/b><\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Some of these treatments are not yet widely available, and the larger impact is still being studied.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Colorectal cancer treatment<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">s have advanced rapidly over the last few decades. In particular, immunotherapy is showing promise as a tool for fighting these cancers. Here\u2019s what you should know about colon cancer treatment, immunotherapy, and immune checkpoint therapy.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3>How Is Colorectal Cancer Treated?<\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If you\u2019re at risk for colorectal cancer, it\u2019s worth knowing how it\u2019s treated and <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC1119016\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">what treatments are used<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> at every stage of the disease.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Colonoscopic surgery<\/span><\/i><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Advances in technology have made surgery through colonoscopy much more common. During this procedure, which is done under general sedation, a colonoscope with surgical attachments is fed into the colon to remove polyps and cancerous growths.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This procedure is most commonly done with early-stage colorectal cancer. It\u2019s also used to remove benign polyps in the colon.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Other forms of surgery<\/span><\/i><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">More advanced cancers may be treated with other techniques, including laparoscopic surgery, where instruments are introduced through a small incision in the stomach, or, in advanced cases, a partial colectomy.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">During a colectomy, the cancerous portion of the colon is removed and either reconnected surgically or replaced with an <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ostomy.org\/what-is-an-ostomy\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ostomy<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Colectomy will usually involve the removal of lymph nodes to test for the spread of cancer cells.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.edrugstore.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/2.jpeg-6_11zon.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-32152\" title=\"Lab worker with a syringe\" src=\"https:\/\/www.edrugstore.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/2.jpeg-6_11zon.jpg\" alt=\"Lab worker with a syringe\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.edrugstore.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/2.jpeg-6_11zon.jpg 600w, https:\/\/www.edrugstore.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/2.jpeg-6_11zon-300x200.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<h4><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Chemotherapy<\/span><\/i><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In chemotherapy, drugs that are toxic to certain cells are used to kill the tumor. Chemotherapy can be utilized to diminish the size of the tumor in order to avoid colectomy or to make other surgical options more viable. Chemo may also be used to prevent the spread of cancer to other parts of the body or as a follow-up treatment for colectomy.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The downside of chemotherapy is that since the colon has rapidly dividing cells and a collection of microbiota, side effects can be unpleasant.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Radiation therapy<\/span><\/i><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Similar to chemotherapy, radiation is used to diminish the size of a tumor before it can be removed completely or to fight cancer in a targeted way. Radiation therapy and chemotherapy may be combined. Also like chemotherapy, radiation therapy has side effects that may be difficult to live with.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For years, these were the only tools doctors had to treat cancer, and they are used often to this day. However, immunotherapy is becoming an increasingly popular cancer treatment that can make older approaches more effective or unnecessary.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.edrugstore.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/3.jpeg-5_11zon.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-32153\" title=\"Lab worker pouring liquid into test tubes\" src=\"https:\/\/www.edrugstore.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/3.jpeg-5_11zon.jpg\" alt=\"Lab worker pouring liquid into test tubes\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.edrugstore.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/3.jpeg-5_11zon.jpg 600w, https:\/\/www.edrugstore.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/3.jpeg-5_11zon-300x200.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h3>What Is Immunotherapy?<\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In immunotherapy, diseases are fought either by activating or suppressing the immune system in specific ways. If you\u2019ve ever received a vaccine, you\u2019ve experienced a form of immunotherapy. The inactivated or disabled viral particles trigger the immune response, training your body to fight off that virus if you encounter it again.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In the case of cancer, immuno-oncology takes away cancer\u2019s methods of hiding from the immune system. The body is generally efficient at finding and destroying precancerous cells, so cancer cells develop methods of concealing signals that would otherwise attract the immune system. Immunotherapy shuts down those methods and helps the immune system do its work.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However, there\u2019s <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7445892\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">only so much the immune system can do<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> on its own. While it can attack cancer in the general sense, it needs certain tools to be more effective at targeting specific cells. Immunotherapy can also <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC2919833\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">be combined with other treatments<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, such as chemotherapy, to create a two-pronged approach to shrink the tumor and reduce its spread.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.edrugstore.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/4.jpeg_11zon.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-32154\" title=\"Girl with a headscarf in bed\" src=\"https:\/\/www.edrugstore.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/4.jpeg_11zon.jpg\" alt=\"Girl with a headscarf in bed\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.edrugstore.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/4.jpeg_11zon.jpg 600w, https:\/\/www.edrugstore.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/4.jpeg_11zon-300x200.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<h3>What Is Immune Checkpoint Therapy?<\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The immune system needs to strike a delicate balance with cancer, killing the unhealthy cells without affecting the healthy ones. To protect the body, immune cells have <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cancer.gov\/about-cancer\/treatment\/types\/immunotherapy\/checkpoint-inhibitors\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201ccheckpoint\u201d proteins that bond to immune cells<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and turn them off.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cancer cells exploit this mechanism to coat themselves with checkpoints that shut off the immune system. Knowing this, researchers have been working to disable the specific checkpoints cancer cells use.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Several drugs on the market, including nivolumab (Opdivo) and pembrolizumab (Keytruda) use this approach to reduce the size of tumors and give patients more time with their loved ones. There\u2019s also promise in <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6964145\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">combining several checkpoint drugs<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, although that work is still ongoing.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The potential trade-off for patients is that these checkpoints exist for a reason. Although rare, it is possible for <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0753332220300111?via%3Dihub\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">an immune overreaction<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to occur with these medications. People living with autoimmune disorders, in particular, will need to be extremely careful with these drugs.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As of this writing, immune checkpoint therapy is generally reserved for patients who have more advanced forms of colorectal cancer. Opdivo was only approved for colon cancer <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cancer.gov\/news-events\/cancer-currents-blog\/2017\/nivolumab-fda-colorectal\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">in 2017<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, with Keytruda <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/drugs\/drug-approvals-and-databases\/fda-approves-pembrolizumab-first-line-treatment-msi-hdmmr-colorectal-cancer\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">approved in 2020<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, so doctors are still learning best practices with these drugs.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Currently, researchers are working on a refinement of immune checkpoint therapy that would allow the immune system to find a specific tumor.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3>What Is Personalized Immunotherapy?<\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Every tumor is <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/10.1126\/science.aar7112\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">genetically unique<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, as cancer uses specific mutations to our DNA to protect itself and spread in the body. Individualized immunotherapy (also called individualized immuno-oncology), is an approach that uses the uniqueness of each tumor to fight it.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In personalized immunotherapy, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC8649954\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">the tumor is sequenced<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and a custom vaccine designed to target that specific tumor, stripping away its ability to hide from the immune system and enter other parts of the body. Instead of fighting cancer in general, this vaccine targets the cancer specific to the person.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Immune checkpoint therapy helps by shutting off the defenses, so this tumor-specific vaccine can go to work, reducing the size of the tumor and opening the door to other treatments. While personalized cancer treatment is currently <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7923844\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">under study for safety<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, it should be available in the near future.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3>Colorectal Cancer Treatment Starts With Testing<\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If you\u2019re at risk for colorectal cancer, the best step to take is to stay informed about your options. Regular testing helps you monitor your condition and act before cancer becomes too severe or spreads to other areas of your body.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Use <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.edrugstore.com\/colorectal-cancer-screening\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">at-home colorectal cancer screening tests<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and follow the eDrugstore blog for evidence-based information on colorectal cancer and immunotherapy.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Highlights Colorectal cancer treatments are advancing quickly beyond traditional chemotherapy and surgery. Immunotherapy, including immune checkpoint therapy, and personalized immunotherapy are showing promise for giving patients longer and better quality of life and for putting cancer in remission. Some of these treatments are not yet widely available, and the larger impact is still being studied. 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